Erotic and suggestive poems in ancient Chinese poetry [Full text]

Ancient Chinese poetry, from the Book of Songs onward, has accumulated over generations, vast and magnificent. Throughout the history of poetry, descriptions of love, sex, and sexuality have been continuous and pervasive, forming a vibrant landscape.

Li Shangyin's poem "Feelings" states: "It's not that Song Yu had any complaints, but rather that King Xiang awoke late from his dream. Ever since the 'Gaotang Fu' was written, the clouds and rain of Chu have been ambiguous.

" Ancient poems often use phrases like "Goddess of Wushan" and "clouds and rain of Gaotang" to describe romantic encounters. The originator of this practice was Song Yu, a master of Chu Ci (Songs of Chu). In his "Gaotang Fu," he recounts how King Huai of Chu, while traveling in Gaotang, became weary and took a nap, dreaming of a goddess offering herself as his pillow, saying, "I dwell on the sunny side of Wushan, amidst high hills, in the morning I am the morning clouds, in the evening I am the passing rain, morning and evening, beneath the Yangtai Terrace." From then on, words like "Wushan," "clouds and rain," "Gaotang," "Yangtai," "morning clouds," "evening rain," "Chu dream," and "goddess" became ambiguous and could not be used casually, hence the saying "the clouds and rain of Chu are ambiguous." Conversely, when discussing matters of love between men and women, these words provided authors with convenient and subtle expressions.

King Xiang, son of King Huai, also wanted to emulate his father's romantic nature. He traveled with Song Yu to the shores of Yunmeng and commissioned Song Yu to compose a poem about the Gaotang Rhapsody. What he heard by day, he dreamed of that night, and indeed, he met the goddess in his dream. The sister poem to the Gaotang Rhapsody, the Goddess Rhapsody, recounts this event. In this rhapsody, Song Yu used his literary skills to the fullest, depicting a perfectly beautiful and unparalleled goddess. Later generations never forgot the goddess, and many writers composed poems about her, such as Chen Lin, Wang Can, Ying Yang, and Yang Xiu of the Jian'an period, all of whom wrote "Goddess Rhapsody." Cao Zhi's "Ode to the Goddess of the Luo River" is also of this type.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, a large number of erotic poems appeared, many of which used the King of Chu's romantic encounter to allude to matters of love between men and women. Emperor Wu of Liang, Xiao Yan, wrote in his "Song of Morning Clouds," "It has not yet come, it cannot be seen, Mount Wu is high, my heart lingers." Volume 10 of *Yu Tai Xin Yong* contains a poem titled "Walking in the Rain" by Emperor Jianwen of Liang, Xiao Gang: "Originally from Wushan, no one has seen my face. Only the minister of the King of Chu once said that we met in a dream." Volume 18 of *Yi Wen Lei Ju* contains a poem titled "Ancient Poem" by Emperor Yuan of Liang, Xiao Yi: "I am in Chengdu County, originally writing about the clouds of Gaotang, pomegranate wine in the cup, grape patterns on the loom, the shuttle stops and the color fades, when will I persuade the magistrate?" Under the influence of the Xiao family, many literati of the Liang Dynasty wrote erotic poems involving the clouds and rain of Wushan, such as Shen Yue's "Song of Morning Clouds" and Fei Chang's "High Wushan." Jiang Yan of the Southern Chen Dynasty wrote in "The Lament of the Monk Xiu" about parting: "Longing for the shores of Wushan, gazing sadly at the Yunyang Terrace," and Jiang Zong wrote in the second of his "Three Miscellaneous Songs": "The dream of the Yangtai Terrace is too unreal, the waves of Luopu are no longer new." These works reveal that when the poems of the Northern and Southern Dynasties used the story of the King of Chu, they primarily expressed the author's melancholy stemming from the elusive and unattainable allure of a beautiful woman, rather than directly relating to matters of love and sex.

By the Tang Dynasty, the imagery of the clouds and rain over Wushan appeared even more frequently in poetry. The Four Great Poets of the Early Tang all wrote works in this genre: Lu Zhaolin's "Wushan High," Luo Binwang's "Remembering the Beauty of Shu," Wang Bo's "Jiangnan Tune," and Yang Jiong's "Wuxia Gorge." Wang Bo's "Jiangnan Lane" is as follows:

Jiangnan Lane, Wushan connects to Chu dreams, the passing rain... (The rest of the text appears to be a poem or poem, possibly related to the poem's title or description.
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Erotic and suggestive poems in ancient Chinese poetry [Full text]

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