Incest between siblings during the Spring and Autumn Period

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Xi of Qi, over fifty years old, had a daughter named Wen Jiang. From birth, the child
was extraordinary and adored by all. As she grew, she
blossomed into a stunning beauty with a face like a peach blossom and eyes like autumn waves, becoming an unparalleled beauty. Wen Jiang was exceptionally intelligent and quick-witted, often speaking eloquently. However, due to
Duke Xi's doting affection, she developed a frivolous, dissolute, and willful personality.
Wen Jiang had a half-brother named Zhu'er, two years her senior, who was the crown prince of Qi. He was handsome and
imposing, but a dissolute and lecherous man. The two siblings grew up together in the palace
, playing and laughing together, inseparable. Their relationship was extremely close. Upon reaching adulthood, they no longer shunned intimacy.
Zhu'er, attracted by his sister's beauty, soon committed incest with her. Before they knew it, they had reached
marriageable age. Duke Xi of Qi arranged for his son, Zhu'er, to marry a princess from the state of Song, while Wen Jiang was betrothed to Duke Huan of Lu
. Although the brother and sister were extremely unwilling, they dared not disobey their father's command, and so Wen Jiang married into
the state of Lu.
Duke Huan of Lu doted on Wen Jiang. He granted her every request, as long as it was within his power
, fearing to displease her. Although Wen Jiang was favored by Duke Huan, she could not forget her deeply devoted
brother, Zhu'er, but had no reason to see him, and was inevitably melancholy every day.
After Duke Xi of Qi died, his son, Zhu'er, ascended the throne as Duke Xiang of Qi. Even as ruler, he could
not sever his longing for Wen Jiang. Every night, an inexplicable yearning kept him awake at night. So
an envoy was sent to the State of Lu to welcome Duke Huan of Lu and Wen Jiang to the State of Qi.
Shen Ru, a high-ranking official of Lu, had advised Duke Huan against sending Wen Jiang, as it was against propriety. However, Wen Jiang
missed her brother and insisted on going, and Duke Huan, doting on his wife, had no choice but to comply; secondly, Qi was powerful and Lu was weak, and
Duke Huan dared not refuse Qi's invitation. Thus, Duke Huan and his wife traveled to Qi together.
Duke Xiang of Qi personally went to welcome them, and after hosting a grand banquet for the couple, he used the pretext of meeting with former concubines
to bring Wen Jiang to the palace. Duke Xiang led Wen Jiang to a pre-prepared secret chamber, laid out wine and food, and drank and reminisced with her .
The brother and sister, their eyes meeting, their longing for each other after so many days apart transformed into a burning passion, and they embraced
passionately. Unable to part, they shared a bed that night, spending the night together in the palace. Duke Huan of Lu, seeing that Wen
Jiang hadn't returned from the palace all night, became suspicious and sent men to investigate. They learned of
the ambiguous relationship between the brother and sister, and Duke Huan was furious. When Wen Jiang returned, Duke Huan interrogated her in detail about who she had met and where she had spent the night
. The more Wen Jiang evaded the questions, the more suspicious Duke Huan became, and the two eventually had a big argument.
After Wen Jiang left, Duke Xiang of Qi was also uneasy, fearing that Duke Huan would find out the truth about their incestuous relationship
and that Duke Huan would make Wen Jiang suffer. He sent men to follow and investigate. When he learned that Duke Huan already had suspicions and
had argued with Wen Jiang, he conceived a wicked plan to harm Duke Huan.
The next day, Duke Huan sent someone to bid farewell to Duke Xiang of Qi, wanting to return to Lu. How could Duke Xiang let them go? From
Duke Huan's forced expression, he strengthened his resolve to act immediately. Duke Xiang of Qi insisted on inviting
Duke Huan of Lu to visit Niu Mountain, claiming it was a farewell banquet. Duke Huan, left with no other option, had Wen Jiang stay at the post station and
accepted the invitation himself. At the banquet, Duke Huan was preoccupied and sullen, while Duke Xiang was in high spirits
, attentively serving him wine and having his ministers take turns urging him to drink, until the melancholy Duke Huan was thoroughly drunk. Duke Xiang then sent
Peng Sheng, a strong warrior, to carry Duke Huan to a carriage and escort him back to the post station. He stared intently at Peng Sheng and emphasized,
"You must ensure the Duke of Lu gets home safely, without the slightest mistake." On the way, Peng Sheng, seeing no one around, followed
Duke Xiang's secret order, wrapped Duke Huan's head in a thick blanket, easily killing him in the carriage.
Upon hearing of Duke Huan's death, Duke Xiang felt relieved and feigned weeping, appearing deeply grieved. On one hand, he ordered his men
to properly bury Duke Huan of Lu's body in a coffin; on the other hand, he sent messengers to the State of Lu to announce the death, saying that Duke Huan had died suddenly from an illness, and to send someone
to retrieve the coffin.
In reality, the ministers of Lu had already heard rumors of the scandalous affair between Duke Xiang of Qi and Wen Jiang, and guessed the truth about Duke Huan's murder
. However, Lu's own state was weak, and Qi was powerful; they could not conquer
Lu by force and could only send someone to retrieve the coffin. The Lu envoy requested that Duke Xiang of Qi execute Peng Sheng
. To cover up the scandal, Duke Xiang of Qi beheaded Peng Sheng in front of the Lu envoy.
After the funeral, under the guidance of the minister Shen Ru, Lu enthroned a new ruler. This was Duke Zhuang of Lu. Duke Zhuang
knew of his mother Wen Jiang's actions and was also well aware that his father had been murdered by his maternal uncle, Duke Xiang of Qi. The upright Duke Zhuang then sought
the opinions of his ministers on how to deal with Wen Jiang. Emotionally, Wen Jiang was Duke Zhuang's biological mother, and
the bond between mother and son was unbreakable. Morally, however, Wen Jiang had committed adultery and was the victim of her father's murder; therefore, she should be refused entry into the state. Duke Zhuang
and his ministers found this problem difficult. Finally, to uphold filial piety and save face for Lu
, Duke Zhuang decided to send envoys to Qi to bring Wen Jiang back.
Since the death of Duke Huan of Lu, Wen Jiang had spent her days and nights in the palace with Duke Xiang of Qi, indulging in unrestrained and passionate love. Hearing
that Lu had sent envoys to bring her back, both were reluctant to part. However, fearing public opinion, Duke Xiang had no choice but to allow Wen Jiang
to return. As Wen Jiang was about to leave Qi, Duke Xiang went to see her off. He held her hand,
repeatedly urging her to take care of herself and promising to meet again. They parted in tears.
Torn between longing for her brother and shame at facing her son, Wen Jiang reluctantly and helplessly made her way
to the State of Lu. Reaching a place called Zhuo, she saw the neat and clean houses in her carriage and exclaimed,
"This is neither Lu nor Qi; I should settle here!" She then sent a messenger to Duke Zhuang of Lu, saying,
"I love leisure and do not wish to return to the palace. If you insist I return, it will only be after my death."
Duke Zhuang, of course, understood his mother's shame at returning home, and built a guesthouse in Zhuqiu for Wen Jiang to live in
. From then on, Wen Jiang traveled between Zhuo and Zhuqiu, wandering between Qi and Lu. Duke Xiang of Qi secretly
met with Wen Jiang in the guesthouse between Qi and Lu. Wen Jiang lived in this pitiful situation of having no home to return to and no country to serve
until her death.
Duke Xiang of Qi was arrogant, extravagant, and dissolute , 　　 causing widespread resentment among his ministers and the people. Ultimately, the incompetent Duke Xiang was
killed by his own subordinates.

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Incest between siblings during the Spring and Autumn Period

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