Eight Sufferings in Life

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There are five kinds of suffering in birth
: 1) Conception: the consciousness takes hold in the mother's womb, which is cramped and unclean. 2) Seed: the consciousness takes hold of the parents' remains, and the seed of consciousness enters and exits with the mother's breath, unable to move freely. 3) Growth: in the mother's womb, after ten months of internal heat, the body gradually takes shape, residing below the raw organs and above the cooked organs, sandwiched between them like a prison. 4) Birth: at birth, cold and hot winds blow on the body, and clothing touches the skin, which is tender, yet feels like being pricked. 5) Type: people are of different kinds, some rich and some poor, some with deformities and some beautiful and some ugly. There are two kinds of

suffering in old age
: 1) Growth: from youth to adulthood, from adulthood to old age, strength diminishes, and movement becomes restless. 2) Decay: prosperity fades and decline arrives, the spirit diminishes, life shortens, and decays gradually. There are two kinds of

suffering in illness
: 1) Physical illness: the imbalance of the four elements, leading to a combination of diseases. If the earth element is imbalanced, the whole body feels heavy; if the wind element is imbalanced, the whole body feels stiff; if the water element is imbalanced, the whole body feels swollen; if the fire element is imbalanced, the whole body feels hot. 2) Mental illness refers to mental distress, worry, and sorrow. There are two kinds of

death suffering
: 1) Death from illness refers to death due to illness. (2) Death from external causes refers to death due to encountering bad circumstances or suffering from water or fire.

The suffering of separation from loved ones
refers to the separation and inability to be with those one always loves.

The suffering of hatred and resentment
refers to the gathering of those one always hates and despises, whom one originally sought to stay away from. The suffering

of not getting what one wants
refers to the inability to obtain all things in the world that one loves and desires.

The suffering of the five aggregates burning intensely
refers to the five aggregates, which gather together to form the body, like a burning fire, from which the previous seven sufferings arise. When the form aggregate is burning intensely, the four elements are imbalanced, resulting in the suffering of illness. The intense heat of the aggregate of feeling (vedana) leads to the perception and discrimination of all suffering, exacerbating the existing sufferings. The intense heat of the aggregate of perception (samskara) leads to the pursuit of things, resulting in the sufferings of separation from loved ones, encountering those one hates, and not getting what one desires. The intense heat of the aggregate of mental formations (samskara) leads to the creation of karma, which becomes the cause of future retribution, and the ceaseless flow of karma leads to the suffering of old age. The intense heat of the

aggregate of consciousness

(vijnana) leads to delusion and the creation of karma, resulting in the cycle of birth and death. These eight sufferings can be categorized into two types: the first is the suffering of birth, old age, sickness, and death—the natural process of life; the second is the suffering of sorrow, grief, distress, encountering those one hates, separation from loved ones, and not getting what one desires—the suffering of unfulfilled subjective desires. Finally, it is summarized as the "abundance of the five aggregates" (skandhas), which refers to the attachment to and pursuit of life. This is considered suffering, indicating that human existence itself is suffering. Thus, suffering possesses a universal character; for any living being, suffering is unavoidable.

The abiding of the five aggregates is the root of the previous seven sufferings. Humans possess the five aggregates and six consciousnesses, which create the illusion of sound and form, and from these erroneous views, the aforementioned seven sufferings arise. Therefore, to be freed from suffering, one must recognize that the world created by the five aggregates and six consciousnesses is an illusion, as the saying goes, "form is emptiness."

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Eight Sufferings in Life

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